Dukas: The Sorcerer's Apprentice



The Sorcerer’s Apprentice

Duration: 12'
Publisher: Public Domain
KSO played: 2010, 1999


It is a determined and rarefied individual who can listen to The Sorcerer’s Apprentice without once thinking of Mickey Mouse.  With the possible exception of his debut, the sequence from Fantasia is by far his most famous outing.  Walt Disney bought the film rights for Dukas’s music in 1937, and the resulting cartoon made what was up to then a reasonably popular piece into a wildly successful one. 

Disney’s scheme was a grand one.  He envisaged not simply a film, but what we would now call a multi-media event.  Actors, lighting and technology were to be employed in theatres to create an immersive experience (which perhaps marks the root of the idea that became Disneyland).  New sequences would be added over the years so that it would constantly evolve.  Plans to shoot the film in widescreen and partly in 3-D came to nothing, but Leopold Stokowski’s recordings comprise one of the very first film soundtracks in stereo. 

So high is the regard in which Fantasia is now held that it is easy to forget that on its release in 1940 it was a box-office flop and largely dismissed as a pretentious folly.  The film’s failure meant that Walt Disney’s vision of an evolving film never happened.  When Disney Studios finally produced a sequel some sixty years later, it consisted of all-new animations, except for one: Mickey Mouse’s disastrous conjuring trick was simply too iconic to leave out.

Fantasia may have put the music indelibly into popular consciousness, but the credit for the plot must go to Goethe.  His 1797 ballad Der Zauberlehrling tells the tale of a sorcerer who leaves his workshop and instructs his apprentice to do his chores.  Bored with fetching water by pail, the apprentice decides to use magic to bring his broom to life to do the work for him.  Unfortunately he does not know how to make it stop and the workshop is soon flooded.  His attempt to solve the problem with an axe leads to further disaster: each splinter of the broom become a new broom, all of them marching unstoppably.  Fortunately the sorcerer returns and casts the spell necessary to bring everything back to rights. The poem ends with the sorcerer’s warning that raising powerful spirits is a matter only for a master.

Paul Dukas’s tone-poem dates from precisely a century later, in 1897.  Dukas is now considered something of a one hit wonder, but holds a more important place in the history of French music than this might suggest.  He was a contemporary of Debussy and taught a number of distinguished pupils including Messiaen and Rodrigo.  He also, like Debussy, made a successful career as an insightful critic.  His music is beautifully crafted and shows a sensibility highly attuned to the cutting edge of his time, but little of it survives: an extreme sense of perfectionism led him to destroy most of his own works 

Strauss: Perpetuum mobile / HK Gruber: Charivari



Perpetuum mobile, Op.257

Duration: 4'
Publisher: Public Domain
KSO played: 2010



Charivari (An Austrian Journal for orchestra)

Duration: 12'
Publisher: Boosey & Hawkes
KSO played: 2010



“Charivari” is a folk custom originating in France but prevalent throughout Europe from the Middle Ages. In England it was known as “rough music.”  A group of villagers would congregate outside the window of a newly wed couple and “serenade” them: Raucous singing was accompanied by a noisy racket produced on makeshift instruments, pots, pans and any other object that could produce a noise.  An echo of the practice survives today in the tradition of tying cans to the back of the bride and groom’s car to rattle along the road as they drive off. 

Although it originated as a harmless prank, the tradition became less benign as it developed.  An unwed cohabiting couple, or a couple in a marriage considered unsuitable, could also find themselves serenaded in this fashion.  In this way the practice became a tool of social coercion, by which the community forced its members to adhere to its mores.  There is a German term that describes this acquiescence to a social norm: Gemütlichkeit.

Gemütlichkeit is a loaded term that for the generation of Austrians that grew up in the aftermath of the Second World War, including HK Gruber.  It suggests a particular kind of superficial cosiness and blithe ignoring of the past.  Gruber has explored this facet of Austrian culture extensively, both as a composer and as a performer of the songs of pre-war Jewish composers such as Kurt Weill and Hanns Eisler.  By combining popular, “deacadent” styles with the high art of Mahler and Schoenberg, he confronts this head-in-the-sand attitude head on and aims to reconcile Austria with its history.

Charivari takes as its starting point the motif from a polka by Johann Strauss, Perpetuum mobile.  Gruber’s reasons for appropriating this particular piece are twofold: first, he had previously used the motif in some incidental music, and wanted to repay the debt.  But Strauss’s jolly polka also has a darker subtext: for Gruber it embodies the Gemütlichkeit that has characterised much of Austria’s official life, and has been used to gloss over and even to conspire with some of the less savoury aspects of the country’s history.  Thus through the course of Charivari, this façade gradually slips, as the style of the music drifts away from a simple 19th century dance to something closer to the expressionism of Mahler and Schoenberg.  Finally the mask is stripped away.  It is hastily restored in the closing bars, with a fleeting reference to another Strauss work, Wiener Blut, but its inadequacies are now plain to see.  As Gruber comments, “The uglier facts of history cannot always be glossed over; and except perhaps for the tourist trade, there’s nothing to be gained from obsessively harking back to ‘the good old days’.”

Elgar: Symphony No. 2



Symphony No. 2 in E flat, Op. 63

1.      Allegro vivace e nobilimente
2.      Larghetto
3.      Rondo
4.      Moderato e maestoso

Duration: 20'
Publisher: Public Domain
KSO played: 2010


Elgar's public persona was assiduously cultivated: the tweeds and moustache of a country Tory, a close friend of the king and a man who moved in the highest circles.  He was so successful in playing this role that to this day this image is the single greatest obstacle to understanding his music.

Behind the façade was another Elgar: a provincial lower-class Catholic (which was the worse in Victorian England is a matter for debate) who had to work hard to escape his background and become the composer who was acclaimed by Richard Strauss as “the first English Progessive.”   Despite his journey from Worcestershire to the heart of the nation, Elgar retained throughout his life a strong sense of himself as an outsider, and with the passing of time it is this side of his personality that now speaks more vividly than the Imperial cliché of old.

He was a man of private passion, whose life was defined by women.  His youthful love Helen Weaver, whom he intended to marry, emigrated to New Zealand.  This left Elgar with emotional scars that never really healed.  He eventually married Alice Roberts, who attracted disapproval in marrying considerably below her station, and whose conviction in and ambition for her husband's greatness was what made him.  As well as these two formative influences, Elgar had the habit throughout his life of becoming infatuated with a succession of younger women.  Alice tolerated these crushes probably because, as far as we know, they rarely went very far and she felt that they fuelled his creativity.   And yet his friend Rosa Burley was able to declare in her memoirs that Elgar was “one of the most repressed people it is possible to imagine.”

The greatest of Elgar's infatuations was with Alice Stuart-Wortley,  daughter of the painter John Millais and wife of an MP, to whom Elgar was introduced in 1902.  They struck up an immediate friendship and exchanged letters of extraordinary intimacy until Elgar’s death.  To distinguish her from the other Alice in his life, Elgar gave her the nickname “Windflower.”  Her part as his muse to the three great works he produced  in 1909-12 is reflected in a letter that he wrote to her: “I have written out my soul in the  [violin] concerto, Symphony No. 2 and the Ode [The Music Makers] and you know it ... in these three works I have shewn myself.”


The Second Symphony was largely composed in 1909-1910, and dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII.  The dedication is misleading, however.  Elgar surely felt the death of the king keenly, as would have most men of the time, even if they did not know him personally as Elgar did.  However,  the roots of the symphony go back much further.  The first sketches for the second movement date from 1903, shortly after the death of a close friend, and the very end of the symphony weaves in an idea that he had written in childhood.  The two lines of Shelley that head the score indicate a much more personal theme than the public mourning of a monarch.  The first stanza of the poem is worth quoting in full:

Rarely, rarely comest thou,
Spirit of Delight!
Wherefore hast thou left me now
Many a day and night?
Many a weary night and day
'Tis since thou art fled away.

Elgar made some revealing notes on the symphony for the reference of the writer of programme notes for the première. Of the Shelley quotation he states, “To get near the mood of the Symphony the whole of Shelley's poem may be read, but the music does not illustrate the whole of the poem, neither does the poem entirely elucidate the music.”  He continues, “The spirit of the whole work is intended to be high & pure joy: there are retrospective passages of sadness, but the whole of the sorrow is smoothed out & ennobled in the last movement, which ends in calm &, I hope & intend, elevated mood.”

Note that he stops short of suggesting that the sorrow is banished.  This remark, like the symphony itself, has a superficial straightforwardness that on closer inspection reveals deep ambiguity.  For all its surface boisterousness, the “Spirit of Delight” theme that launches the symphony and permeates the entire work is filled with suggestions of a darker undertow.  This comes to the fore in the second movement, which was at its first performance widely assumed to be a funeral march for the king. Elgar states: “N.B. private. The second movement formed part of the original scheme – before the death of King Edward; – it is elegiac but has nothing to do with any funeral march & is a 'reflection' suggested by the poem.”  Some of the material for this movement has its roots in an abandoned sequel to his overture Cockaigne, which was to be subtitled “City of Dreadful Night.”  The third movement is extraordinary: a complex riot of cross-rhythms that manages to be simultaneously exhilarating and terrifying, and reminds us that this symphony is contemporary with Mahler's last works. 

The finale begins in a curiously placid mood, before a livelier theme interjects: “Hans himself!” writes Elgar on the sketch for this tune.  “Hans” was his friend and champion Hans Richter, who had conducted the première of the First Symphony.  Anyone expecting a triumphant conclusion will be disappointed: elevated and noble they may be, but the final bars are also punctuated by a painful sense of loss and regret, as bittersweet an ending as could be imagined.

 Note © 2011 by Peter Nagle

Song

Rarely, rarely, comest thou,
Spirit of Delight!
Wherefore hast thou left me now
Many a day and night?
Many a weary night and day
'Tis since thou art fled away.
How shall ever one like me
Win thee back again?
With the joyous and the free
Thou wilt scoff at pain.
Spirit false! thou hast forgot
All but those who need thee not.
As a lizard with the shade
Of a trembling leaf,
Thou with sorrow art dismayed;
Even the sighs of grief
Reproach thee, that thou art not near,
And reproach thou wilt not hear.
Let me set my mournful ditty
To a merry measure;
Thou wilt never come for pity,
Thou wilt come for pleasure;
Pity then will cut away
Those cruel wings, and thou wilt stay.
I love all that thou lovest,
Spirit of Delight!
The fresh Earth in new leaves dressed,
And the starry night;
Autumn evening, and the morn
When the golden mists are born.
I love snow, and all the forms
Of the radiant frost;
I love waves, and winds, and storms,
Everything almost
Which is Nature's, and may be
Untainted by man's misery.
I love tranquil solitude,
And such society
As is quiet, wise, and good;
Between thee and me
What difference? but thou dost possess
The things I seek, not love them less.
I love Love -- though he has wings,
And like light can flee,
But above all other things,
Spirit, I love thee --
Thou art love and life! Oh, come,
Make once more my heart thy home.
Percy Bysshe Shelley

David Matthews: Symphony No. 7


Symphony No. 7


Duration: 20'
Publisher: Faber Music
KSO played: 2010




KSO is very pleased to give David Matthews' new symphony its first outing in London, not only because the orchestra has a history with his music (he was one of six composers who wrote “birthday presents” in the form of concert openers for KSO's 50th season) but also because it will be the first opportunity the composer has to hear it live.  The grounding of all air traffic by Icelandic volcanic ash left Matthews stranded in Australia and unable to attend the première in Manchester earlier this year.

In an interview he gave to Radio 3 on the occasion of the broadcast of that performance, he speculated on whether this would prove to be his final symphony, concluding “I don’t know… but if it is, it would be a good place to stop.”  It is to be hoped that he does continue: the reception given to this piece reflects an awareness that has grown in recent years that, quietly working away without fuss, Matthews has produced one of the most significant bodies of British orchestral music since the war.

The Seventh was commissioned by the BBC as part of a series of works to accompany its celebration of the centenary of Gustav Mahler.  Mahler has a significant role in Matthews’s own career: he has drawn inspiration from Mahler throughout his symphonies, but he has also had an influence on the standing of Mahler's music.  It could also be said that Matthews has had an influence on Mahler in return.  Along with his brother Colin he collaborated with Deryk Cooke to produce a performable version of Mahler's unfinished 10th Symphony. This initially controversial project contributed in no small way to the astonishing increase in popularity that composer has enjoyed since the 1970s.

By coincidence, it was Mahler’s own Seventh symphony that Matthews’s work was paired with.   Matthews took advantage of Mahler’s use of a tenor horn in his symphony to employ the instrument in his own piece, but otherwise the influence of Mahler is less obvious than two more of Matthews’s compositional touchstones, Sibelius and Tippett.  There is an obvious parallel with Sibelius’s Seventh Symphony, also cast in a single movement.  Tippett’s influence can be heard in Matthews’s style, but also perhaps more significantly in his tone: this is by no means simple music, but it has a directness of utterance and an optimism that the elder composer would certainly have appreciated. 

The beguiling melody that opens the symphony contains the seeds of everything that follows.  The symphony is not long, but it manages to pack a lot of incident into its 20-minute span.  Matthews often speaks of his music in terms of a journey, and that feeling is to the fore here: the gentle opening is only the start of a far-ranging exploration that finishes a world away with an irresistible, energetic and confident conclusion.

Note © 2011 by Peter Nagle
 

Thomas Adès: Dances from Powder Her Face


Dances from Powder Her Face

1.    Overture
2.    Waltz
3.    Finale

Duration: 11'
Publisher: Faber Music
KSO played: 2010

Philip Larkin famously observed that “Sexual intercourse began in 1963 (Which was rather too late for me).”  The Beatles and Lady Chatterly’s Lover were his compass points, but another could easily have been the scandalous divorce of Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll.  The daughter of a Scottish millionaire raised in New York, Margaret was named debutante of the year in 1930 and became a well-known socialite.  Just how well she had made herself known was demonstrated when the Duke of Argyll filed for divorce. 

The evidence presented for his wife’s infidelity prompted the Minister for Defence to offer his resignation; the identity of the “Headless Man” photographed in a compromising position with the Duchess remains a subject of speculation to this day.  The Profumo affair the same year provided further evidence that the age of deference was coming to an end.   The Duchess continued her extravagant lifestyle regardless.  Eventually she was forced to sell her home and live in a hotel suite.  She ended her days penniless in a nursing home, a far cry from her glamorous youth.

Sex, Scandal and Aristocracy are of course three staple ingredients of opera.  Thomas Adès duly stepped up to the challenge in 1997 and made his name with the ensuing succès de scandale.  Signing up with Britten’s publisher, curating the Aldeburgh festival and composing to commissions from Covent Garden and the Berlin Philharmonic among others have since cemented his position at the heart of the establishment, but Powder Her Face remains a highlight of his career so far.

The opera is not quite biographical: the duchess presented in it is a fictionalised version of the real Margaret, which allows for a certain latitude with regard to fact; dates and the order of events are freely rearranged.  The duchess is presented as at once comic and tragic, a woman of little self-awareness who is brought down by her own foolishness, but also by a puritanical and judgemental society, and the passing of a culture that holds its upper classes in unthinking deference.  The action takes place at various points in the duchess’s life.  At the beginning and end of the play we see her in her decline, about to leave the hotel suite she could no longer afford in 1990.  In between come scenes from her youthful prime as a débutante and socialite, and the furore surrounding her divorce. 

In its original form the music is written for a small ensemble reminiscent of a pit band or a dance orchestra.  The present suite expands the original forces into a full symphony orchestra, and presents a précis of the Duchess’s world.  The acid-drenched tango of the Overture evokes the hotel staff mocking the Duchess and her decadent past.  There follows a waltz with an hallucinogenic quality, suggestive of a world lost to dreams, before the finale snuffs out the lights.

Note © by Peter Nagle